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Nuclear Science Pioneers Directory
Nuclear Science - Laying the Foundation
| "The decisive assaults upon mankind now proceed from the drawing boards and the laboratory" - Alfred Doblin (1919) |
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The below (31) individuals laid the foundation for nuclear physics in the early part of the 20th century. Prior to World War II, it was common for many of these individuals to collaborate on some of the most important discoveries of the time. However, when Hitler rose to power in the early 30's, many of those deemed "non-Aryan" made their way to America and played a prominent role in the Manhattan Project. In retrospect, these early policies sowed the "seeds of defeat" for Nazi Germany. Those names hi-lighted in GRAY worked on the Manhattan Project. |
| Web Master's Note: The Hall of Fame Directory - II contains a listing of 60 + Hall of Fame members who were directly or indirectly involved in the Manhattan Project. Please "click" on the button below to move to that directory. |
| Note | Name | Major Contribution/Award | Country |
| 1 | Bohr, Niels | Nobel Prize Physics - 1922 | Denmark |
| 2 | Bothe, Walter | Nobel Prize Physics - 1954 | Germany |
| 1 | Born, Max | Nobel Prize Physics - 1954 | Germany |
| - | Chadwick, James | Nobel Prize Physics - 1935 | England |
| - | Cockroft, John D. | Nobel Prize Physics - 1951 | England |
| - | Compton, Arthur H. | Nobel Prize Physics - 1927 | United States |
| - | Curie, Marie S. | Nobel Prize Physics - 1903; Chem - 1911 | Poland |
| - | Einstein, Albert | Nobel Prize Physics - 1921 | Germany |
| - | Fermi, Enrico | Nobel Prize Physics - 1938 | Italy |
| 1 | Franck, James | Nobel Prize Physics - 1925 | Germany |
| 3 | Frisch, Otto | Discovery of Fission | Austria |
| 2,3 | Hahn, Otto | Discovery of Fission | Germany |
| 2 | Heisenberg, Werner | Nobel Prize Physics - 1932 | Germany |
| 1 | Hilbert, David | Brilliant Theoretical Physicist | Germany |
| 2 | Joliot-Curie, Frederic | Nobel Prize Chemistry - 1935 | France |
| - | Joliot-Curie, Irene | Nobel Prize Chemistry - 1935 | France |
| - | Lawrence, Ernest O. | Nobel Prize Physics - 1939 | United States |
| 3 | Meitner, Lise | Discovery of Fission | Austria |
| - | Nernst, Walter | Nobel Prize Chemistry - 1920 | Germany |
| - | Peierls, Rudolf | Brilliant Theoretical Physicist | England |
| 2 | Planck, Max | Nobel Prize Physics - 1918 | Germany |
| 1 | Rutherford, Ernest | Nobel Prize Chemistry - 1908 | New Zealand |
| - | Segre, Emilio | Worked on Fission with E. Fermi | Italy |
| 2,3 | Strassmann, Fritz | Discovery of Fission | Germany |
| - | Szilard, Leo | Brilliant Physicist; Collaborator of Einstein | Hungary |
| - | Teller, Edward | Brilliant Theoretical Physicist | Hungary |
| - | Urey, Harold | Nobel Prize Chemistry - 1934 | United States |
| - | Van de Graaff, R. | Invented Electrostatic Generator | United States |
| - | von Neumann, John | Brilliant Theoretical Physicist | Hungary |
| - | Walton, E. T. S. | Nobel Prize Physics - 1951 | Ireland |
| - | Wigner, Eugene | Nobel Prize Physics - 1963 | Hungary |
| - | - | - | - |
| - | - | - | - |
Note 1: In the year 1920, there were three main
centers of atomic research: Ernest Rutherford's lab at Cambridge; Niels
Bohr's lab in Copenhagen; and, the Gottingen lab in Germany under the
tutelage of Max Born, James Franck, and David Hilbert.
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| Note 2: Each of these German scientists, as well as
Joliot-Curie of France, were on the ALSOS list. This was the Manhattan
Project's military intelligence effort to capture known, enemy nuclear
scientists in an attempt to learn how far Germany had progressed in
their efforts to develop a nuclear weapon.
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| Note 3: The discovery of "fission" is
generally attributed to Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann of Germany.
However, Lise Meitner, with the assistance of her nephew, Otto Frisch,
was actually the first to determine that fission had taken place (Otto
Frisch actually coined the term "fission"), but Otto Hahn,
Lise Meitner's long term and former collaborator, was the first to
publish his results.
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